Sesquicentennial of Japanese Embassy to the United States in 2010 marks the 150th anniversary of the first Japanese diplomatic mission to the United States in 1860. The official mission of the Japanese visitors was to ratify the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, which was signed several years earlier.[1] The sequentennial commemorates the extent to which the delegation's travels may be considered a success.
The initial Japan-US treaties opened the ports of Edo and four other Japanese cities to American trade.[2] In 2010, the sesquecentennial commemorated the extent to which the Japanese ambassadors and their party affected subsequent bilateral relations between the two countries.
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A plaque marking the 150th anniversary of the arrival of the Japanese ship Kanrin Maru was dedicated today at Pier 9 on the Embarcadero in San Francisco.[3] This ceremony is one in a series of year-long commemorative events.
The Asian Art Museum in San Francisco organized an exhibit in conjunction with the anniversary. The exhibit, "Japan’s Early Ambassadors to San Francisco, 1860–1927," continuing from May through November 2010. On display are some of the official gifts brought by the diplomats. Another highlight of the show are sketches of San Francisco drawn by one of the samurai in the delegation.[4]
The Japanese Consulate sponsored a lecture by Prof. Naoyuki Agawa of Keio University about the Kanrin Maru, which was the first Japanese naval vessel to cross the Pacific Ocean. The ship transported the first Japanese diplomatic delegation, including Fukuzawa Yukichi, Katsu Kaishū, Nakahama Manjirō. This was the first Japanese ship to enter the port of San Francisco [5]
The five “Akebono” cherry trees were planted at Elliott Bay Park to commemorate the anniversary of the first official visit of Japanese diplomats in 1860.[6]
The Library of Congress organized a scholarly panel discussion about this initial Japanese diplomatic mission in 1860. Participants included Michael Auslin, Akira Iriye, Ronald Toby and Japanese Ambassador to the U.S. Ichiro Fujisaki.[1]
When the Japanese diplomatic delegation visited Philadelphia in 1860, one of the highlights was a demonstration of the previously unknown Japanese version of chess or shogi. This is the first recorded game of shogi ever to be played outside of Japan. In commemoration, shogi experts and representatives of the Philadelphia chess community, including former U.S. Champions in both shogi and chess, came together for a "chess event" at the Philadelphia Athenaeum.[7]
A parade of "samurai" was a modified reenactment in New York's Central Park to commemorate a procession up Broadway in New York City. The sesquecentennial parade recalled the procession of horse-drawn carriages bringing Japan's first diplomatic mission uptown from the Battery. In 1860, the route ended at a reviewing stand in Union Square where dignitaries were seated.
The 2010 parade included the New York City Police Department marching band. About 180 people dressed in Edo period costume reenacted the procession of 1860.[8] The New York re-enactment procession was reported by NHK television in Japan.[9]
The Museum of the City of New York organized an exhibit, "Samurai in New York: The First Japanese Delegation, 1860," continuing from June through October. Rare 19th-century photographs and newspaper engravings document the two weeks. Also on display are a unique group of objects lent by Japanese institutions; and these both record and recall the experience in New York as it appeared from the Japanese viewpoint.[10]
In partnership with the Weatherhead East Asian Institute at Columbia University, the Museum presented a lecture by Prof. Naoyuki Agawa, who discussed the significance of the 150th anniversary of the diplomatic mission. His special focus on the two weeks that the delegation visited New York.[11]
The Empire State Building in New York City was lit up in red and white on Wednesday night, June 16, 2010. This marked the 150th anniversary of the arrival in the city of Japan's first diplomatic mission to the United States on June 16, 1860. The top part of the 443.2-meter skyscraper was lit up in the colors of the Japanese flag at sunset to celebrate the occasion.[12]
Events focusing on bilateral relations were encompassed conferences which brought together scholars, businessmen and policy-makers:
The Center for a New American Security (CNAS) organized a two-day conference, "150 Years of Amity & 50 Years of Alliance: Adopting an Enhanced Agenda for the U.S.-Japan Partnership." The conference was developed in partnership with the Nippon Foundation, the Sasakawa Peace Foundation, and the Ocean Policy Research Foundation. The meeting brings together leading American and Japanese policymakers and experts to discuss the military, economic, political, and strategic elements of the alliance.[13] Featured speakers include:
The Japan Society of Northern California and others sponsored the "Kanrin Maru Symposium: The Future of the US-Japan Relationship," in May 2010.[14] Featured participants included: